Reference
Bray GA, Most M, Rood J, Redmann S, Smith SR. Hormonal Responses to a Fast-Food Meal Compared with Nutritionally Comparable Meals of Different Composition. Ann Nutr Metab 2007;51:163-171
Abstract
Background: Fast food is consumed in large quantities each day. Whether there are differences in the acute metabolic response to these meals as compared to 'healthy' meals with similar composition is unknown. Design: Three-way crossover. Methods: Six overweight men were given a standard breakfast at 8:00 a.m. on each of 3 occasions, followed by 1 of 3 lunches at noon. The 3 lunches included: (1) a fast-food meal consisting of a burger, French fries and root beer sweetened with high fructose corn syrup; (2) an organic beef meal prepared with organic foods and a root beer containing sucrose, and (3) a turkey meal consisting of a turkey sandwich and granola made with organic foods and an organic orange juice. Glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, ghrelin, leptin, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were measured at 30-min intervals over 6 h. Salivary cortisol was measured after lunch. Results: Total fat, protein and energy content were similar in the 3 meals, but the fatty acid content differed. The fast-food meal had more myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and trans fatty acids (C18:1) than the other 2 meals. The pattern of nutrient and hormonal response was similar for a given subject to each of the 3 meals. The only statistically significant acute difference observed was a decrease in the AUC of LDL cholesterol after the organic beef meal relative to that for the other two meals. Other metabolic responses were not different. Conclusion: LDL-cholesterol decreased more with the organic beef meal which had lesser amounts of saturated and trans fatty acids than in the fast-food beef meal.
My Thoughts
The clean crowd typically shouts that 'unclean' foods are bad because of physiological changes that result in fat gain. A lot of the time they are focussing on one nutrient, insulin, as the be all/end all focus on fat metabolism.
This trial examines the effects of similar foods that are either fast food burger (Big Mac, fries and a root beer), organic burger (organic burger, organic french fries and organic root beer) or a organic turkey sandwich (turkey sandwich, granola and orange juice), on a variety of biological measures. After a standard breakfast, the subjects waited until lunch where they consumed one of the three meals (randomly assigned) and then for the 6hours following the meal they were sampled for insulin, glucose, Free fatty acid, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, leptin and ghrelin.
The study was reasonably controlled, however, due to the lack of any measureable effect, the authors cut the trial off at six subjects rather that recruiting all of the 20 orgionally proposed subjects. Based on the observed changes in insulin, they would have required >50 subjects to power the study suitably to detect the observed differences.
The meals were not identical for nutrient composition or the energy they provided. The McMeal provided the lowest fat, carbs and calories, the organic beef provided the greatest fat and the turkey meal contained the most protein, most carbs and highest calories.
The major difference between the meals is the fatty acid composition, with the McMeal containing the highest level of saturated and trans-unsaturated fatty acids, with the turkey meal providing the lowest. A point for the clean people to note, all meals contained eladic acid, the dominant trans-unsaturated fatty acid in our diets.
After consuming the meal, and for the six hours afterwards, there was no significant differences for insulin, glucose, FFA, TAG, HDL, Ghrelin or Leptin. The only statistically significant effect of the meal was that the organic beef meal resulted in a significantly smaller Area Under the Curve (AUC) for LDL, which the authors presumed was because of the lower trans-unsaturated or saturated fatty acids. The turkey meal was lower in saturates, but did not produce a lower LDL AUC, possibly due to it containing the highest level of fat, which can also influence LDL response.
This trial does not perfectly identify, but aids in the support that whether a food is 'clean' or not, the metabolic responses to macronutrients are similar. The inclusion of a food inside of your diet that fits with your macronutrient and caloric requirements will not result in massive blood glucose changes or similar.
It doesn't, however, take account of the differences in other nutrients, such as the micronutrients, and the levels of fibre etc within the meal.
Bray GA, Most M, Rood J, Redmann S, Smith SR. Hormonal Responses to a Fast-Food Meal Compared with Nutritionally Comparable Meals of Different Composition. Ann Nutr Metab 2007;51:163-171
Abstract
Background: Fast food is consumed in large quantities each day. Whether there are differences in the acute metabolic response to these meals as compared to 'healthy' meals with similar composition is unknown. Design: Three-way crossover. Methods: Six overweight men were given a standard breakfast at 8:00 a.m. on each of 3 occasions, followed by 1 of 3 lunches at noon. The 3 lunches included: (1) a fast-food meal consisting of a burger, French fries and root beer sweetened with high fructose corn syrup; (2) an organic beef meal prepared with organic foods and a root beer containing sucrose, and (3) a turkey meal consisting of a turkey sandwich and granola made with organic foods and an organic orange juice. Glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, ghrelin, leptin, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were measured at 30-min intervals over 6 h. Salivary cortisol was measured after lunch. Results: Total fat, protein and energy content were similar in the 3 meals, but the fatty acid content differed. The fast-food meal had more myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and trans fatty acids (C18:1) than the other 2 meals. The pattern of nutrient and hormonal response was similar for a given subject to each of the 3 meals. The only statistically significant acute difference observed was a decrease in the AUC of LDL cholesterol after the organic beef meal relative to that for the other two meals. Other metabolic responses were not different. Conclusion: LDL-cholesterol decreased more with the organic beef meal which had lesser amounts of saturated and trans fatty acids than in the fast-food beef meal.
My Thoughts
The clean crowd typically shouts that 'unclean' foods are bad because of physiological changes that result in fat gain. A lot of the time they are focussing on one nutrient, insulin, as the be all/end all focus on fat metabolism.
This trial examines the effects of similar foods that are either fast food burger (Big Mac, fries and a root beer), organic burger (organic burger, organic french fries and organic root beer) or a organic turkey sandwich (turkey sandwich, granola and orange juice), on a variety of biological measures. After a standard breakfast, the subjects waited until lunch where they consumed one of the three meals (randomly assigned) and then for the 6hours following the meal they were sampled for insulin, glucose, Free fatty acid, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, leptin and ghrelin.
The study was reasonably controlled, however, due to the lack of any measureable effect, the authors cut the trial off at six subjects rather that recruiting all of the 20 orgionally proposed subjects. Based on the observed changes in insulin, they would have required >50 subjects to power the study suitably to detect the observed differences.
The meals were not identical for nutrient composition or the energy they provided. The McMeal provided the lowest fat, carbs and calories, the organic beef provided the greatest fat and the turkey meal contained the most protein, most carbs and highest calories.
The major difference between the meals is the fatty acid composition, with the McMeal containing the highest level of saturated and trans-unsaturated fatty acids, with the turkey meal providing the lowest. A point for the clean people to note, all meals contained eladic acid, the dominant trans-unsaturated fatty acid in our diets.
After consuming the meal, and for the six hours afterwards, there was no significant differences for insulin, glucose, FFA, TAG, HDL, Ghrelin or Leptin. The only statistically significant effect of the meal was that the organic beef meal resulted in a significantly smaller Area Under the Curve (AUC) for LDL, which the authors presumed was because of the lower trans-unsaturated or saturated fatty acids. The turkey meal was lower in saturates, but did not produce a lower LDL AUC, possibly due to it containing the highest level of fat, which can also influence LDL response.
This trial does not perfectly identify, but aids in the support that whether a food is 'clean' or not, the metabolic responses to macronutrients are similar. The inclusion of a food inside of your diet that fits with your macronutrient and caloric requirements will not result in massive blood glucose changes or similar.
It doesn't, however, take account of the differences in other nutrients, such as the micronutrients, and the levels of fibre etc within the meal.
No comments:
Post a Comment